Advertising And Its Effect On Our Lives - 1558 Words

Every day at some point in our lives we are surrounded by advertisements. Even if we don t watch television, listen to a radio or walk around with our eyes closed, we will find it impossible to avoid some form of social media, whether it might be the latest offer at the local Walmart or previews at the movie theater. The main purpose of advertising is to sell products, but the advertisement not only sells an individual the product, but also a future image of us as more desirable and happier. The purpose of this essay I will analyze three advertisements and observe how those products are advertised and what identity they attempt to construct for their consumers. The three ads I will be analyzing will be a commercial related to the Extra gum, a commercial for anti-smoking and a magazine advertisement related to the popular food chain McDonalds. Most people don’t want to think that advertisements have a huge impact on our lives and who we are as individual beings. The first prod uct I will talk about is the Extra gum which is a highly recognized brand. The commercial I chose to represent this brand is the one with a father and his daughter. It begins with flashes of father and daughter moments. As they spend their time laughing together and creating moments, an Extra gum is chewed and the wrapper is folded into an origami. In each passing days of the child’s growth, there was always an Extra gum. The ending clip we see the daughter packing off to college and then a box drops,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Advertising On Our Daily Lives1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthe evolution of advertising in television, from its early days until now. Feel free to bring movies into the conversation when you discuss product placement and product integration† The definition of advertising is â€Å"the act or practice of calling public attention to one s product, service, need, etc., especially by paid announcements in newspapers and magazines, over radio or television, on billboards, etc.† (Dictionary.com, 2016). Advertising has a great effect on our daily lives. The techniquesRead MoreEffects Of Advertising Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages We live each day not knowing the effects of everything our eyes see. We live in a world where we contribute to the prominence of advertising; however, the effects upon us are unknown. Advertising can be seen in the majority of the world, it has gotten to the point in which people become almost completely oblivious to them. People see advertisement in stores, in billboards, television, and even their homes. It has come to the point where people believe they are not affected by these ads but thatRead MoreEssay about The Power of Advertising 1374 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertising has been defined as the most powerful, persuasive, and manipulative tool that firms have to control consumers all over the world. It is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or s ervice. Its impacts created on the society throughout the years has been amazing, especially in this technology age. Influencing people’s habits, creating false needs, distorting the values and prioritiesRead MoreAmerican Rock N Roll Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesthe psychological and emotional effect it had on people. Pre-pop appearance ignored popular taste and social status of objects so as Pop’s success rose within society, there had to be a change in design so as to not become outdated and irrelevant but to fit the moods and needs of the consumer. The effects on our lives from modern consumerism with advertising. How has modern consumerism advertising affected our lives? Modern consumerism affects our everyday lives on a social, economic and culturalRead MoreDeontological Paper1343 Words   |  6 PagesPaper Marketing products, services, or even charities to the public has become a very powerful force in our world. Millions of dollars are spent on advertising each year with the goal of increasing revenue for the business or raising awareness of an organization to the public. Pharmaceutical companies bring products to the markets that are intended to help people live better lives. Advertising is a relatively new phenomenon for pharmaceutical companies in the United States. â€Å"In 1985, the U.S. FoodRead MoreEffect Of Smartphones On Advertising1241 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Smartphones on Advertising The amount of smartphones users have nearly doubled within the past 5 years, from 35% to 70%.(2014 Marketing Statistics Infographic). As the number of users continues to rise, advertising will continue to integrate with smartphones. Smartphones have dramatically changed the way consumers are approached by advertising companies. Before we can understand how smartphones have changed the advertising industry, we must first recognize that advertising and smartphonesRead MoreThe Degenerative Influence of Advertising on Society Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesAdvertising is designed to foster a desire to purchase goods and services, yet it is much deeper than that—advertising is a system of effective manipulation that twists the mentalities of those subjected to it. It shapes people’s views of the world and warps their connections to each other. Therefore, advertising not only shapes their personal values but also distorts them until their principles no longer come from with in them. Thus, in my opinion, advertising, unless deeply rooted in high ethicalRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Advertising on Society 1585 Words   |  7 Pagesof many causes, one of them being advertising. Advertising is designed to foster a desire to purchase goods and services, yet it is much deeper than that—advertising is a system of effective manipulation that twists the mentalities of persons subjected to it. It shapes people’s views of the world and warps their connections to each other, distorting their personal values and changing their perspectives of others and themselves. Thus, in my opinion, advertising destroys any concept of communityRead MoreNegative Influence of Advertising1524 Words   |  7 PagesNegative influence of advertising on society Advertising by definition is a paid form of  communication  intended to  persuade  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. We are taken  into what the advertisers exactly want us to do - buy their products. Advertisements in themselves are not bad. They do perform an important  role in the society and that is the promotion of products and services  so that people will become aware ofRead More Advertising: the good and bad Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages Advertising is a persuasive communication attempt to change or reinforce one’s prior attitude that is predictable of future behavior. We are not born with the attitudes for which we hold toward various things in our environment. Instead, we learn our feelings of favorability or unfavorability through information about the object through advertising or direct experience with the object, or some combination of the two. Furthermore, the main aim of advertising is to ‘persuade’ to consumer in order

Relationship Between Economic Variables And Sub Sector Price Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1881 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This chapter provides an outline of the research process designed to investigate the relationship between economic variables and Sub-sector price index. 3.1 The Data In this section, we will summarize our models data and present the methodology of our model. The daily data for interdependent and dependable variables e.g. FBM KLSE (Kuala Lumpur Composite Index), T-Bill band 4, Crude oil WTI (West Texas Intermediate) price, Gold Bullion LBM (U$ Troy Ounce) price, T-bill band 4, Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) price index, and Sub-sector Price Index are collected from the DataStream and cover from period 17/04/2000 to 18/04/2011. There are 2610 daily observations obtained from DataStream. The data set is given in the Appendix of this paper. In relation on this, dependable variable are consists of ten (10) majors price index e.g., Consumer Product, Plantation, Finance, Trading and Services, Industrial, Industrial Products, Construction, Mining, Properties, and Technology. As can be seen from figure 1, there is an increasing trend on global gold price and reached its the highest point, $ 1,492.06, on April, 2011. The gold price was tending to increase since year October, 2008. We believe this trend will continues increasing due to strong demand and short supply gold in the commodities market. Moreover, some expertise research firms like GFMS, a leading global precious metals consultancy, released its 2011 Gold Survey and GFMS expects that gold will reach $1,600 by the end of 2011. Another independent variable, Crude oil WTI (West Texas Intermediate) price known as Texas light sweet, is a type of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing. As refer to figure 2, the oil price increase significantly during year 2007 and the reasons behind can be explained by the Asian growing demand on oil to sustain their economy growth. The past researchers also been reported, that oil consumption in India was increased approximately 8.7% according 1998 and 6.5% according to 2006. Mehmet Eryigit (2009) has studied and found that in year 2007, USA has been consumed the 23.9% of the total oil, however total share of the world oil cons umption for China, India and Turkey in 2009 is only accounted 13.4% (China consumed 9.3%, India consumed 3.3%, and Turkey consumed 0.8%). Meanwhile, back to middle of year 2008 Sub-prime crisis was happened in U.S financial system and the crude oil price has reached to a minimum price $31, that is a minimum last trader price was reported since year 2004. After decreasing trend along the year 2008, early of 2009 crude oil price are in recovery stages and maintained a reasonable price between $ 65 -$ 100 per barrels. We expect the crude oil will continue increasing. The next independent variable is Market returns FBM Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI). The Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) is used as a proxy for the performance of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange and comprises the largest 30 companies listed on the Main Board by full market capitalization. The last independent variable is T-Bill band 4. T-Bill band 4 is type of money market instrument. The Malaysian Treasury B ills (MTB) issued by the Central Bank of Malaysia Are tradable on yield basis (discounted rate) based on bands of remaining tenure (e.g., Band 4 = 68 to 91 days to maturity). This instrument are represents the short-term interest rate in the Malaysia money market. The high or low interest rate will make bonds look more attractive than stock and consequently impact the stock price return. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Relationship Between Economic Variables And Sub Sector Price Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Figure 1: Gold Bullion LBM (U$ Troy Ounce) Price Figure 2: Crude Oil WTI (West Texas Intermediate) Price 3.2 Conceptual Framework 1. Crude Oil WTI 2. Gold Bullion LBM (U$Troy Ounces) 3. KLSE (Kuala Lumpur Composite Index) 4. T-Bill Band 4 Sub Sector Price Index Consumer Product, Plantation, Finance Trading and Services, Industrial, Industrial Products, Construction, Mining, Properties, and Technology.The conceptual framework of this study was derived from literature review where proven macroeconomic variables that effect FBM Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) are used as independent variables, Crude oil WTI (West Texas Intermediate) future contract price, Gold Bullion LBM (U$ Troy Ounce) price, and T-bill band 4 had been widely used in evaluating relationship between macroeconomic variables and Sub-sector price index. Further to that, crude oil price is also proven to be a macroeconomic variable that direct impact to the conditional of the stock market. In fact, oil price can affect prices directly by impacting future cash flows or indirectly through an impact on the interest rate used to discount future cash flows. 3.3. Design of Study The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is an expansion model of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Single -factor model. That is, it specifies risk as a function of only one factor, the securitys beta coefficient. In a reality, the risk / return relationship is more complex, with a stocks required return a function of more than one factor. For example, CAPM method is not suitable on this research because there are a various interdependent variables effect the dependent variables. Thus, we should adopt the APT (Arbitrage Pricing Theory) model to define and analyses these factors. A statistical technique that simultaneously develop a mathematical relationship between a single depend variable and two or more independent variables. With the four independent variables the prediction of Y is expressed by the following equation: Regression equation is; Multi-factor Model: Rit = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ + BetaMRtMRt + Betaoil Oilt + BetaGoldGoldt+ BetaT-billT-billt (1) Indicators: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  = Intercept / Alpha Rit = Return on major sub sector MRt = Market Returns Oilt = Oil Returns Goldt = Gold Returns T-billt= T-bill Returns Where the Sub sector price index is a dependent variable and it shows the return on the Sub sector price index. Beta is constant term and we have four (4) independent variables; Gold price, Oil price, Market returns, and short-term interest rate respectively. We used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to evaluate the relationships between the Gold price, Oil price, Market returns, and short-term interest rate against the ten (10) sub sector price index. The market return was benchmark to the FBM Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) composite share price index. Time series of short-term interest rate taken over the T-bill band 4, which is considered to be the short-term interest rate (risk-free interest rate). The first steps, we required to find the return of each independent and dependent variables using below formula: Daily return formula is calculated using as per below: Ri,t = (Pi,t Pi, t-1)/ (Pi, t-1) (2) Where; Ri,t is the price return of ith variable on time t Pi, t is the closing price of day t for variable i. Pi, t-1 is the closing price previous of day t for variable i. Then daily returns are aggregated that are our preliminary input to run regression analysis. The sample period for our study extends from periods 17/04/2000 to 18/04/2011. Then after, used the input and the multi-factor model to run the regression analysis on each interdependent and dependent variable to examine whether each of them have any significant relationship. In additional, sub-part of the analysis section will examine the Gold Oil ratio analysis, the purpose is to determining whether the current Gold Oil ratio is below th e benchmark ratio is either too cheap, or crude oil is too expensive otherwise when ratio is greater than benchmark, oil is either too cheap or gold. Sub-parts of the session will analysis on Gold ratio trend from period 17/04/2000 to 18/04/2011. The mean of gold oil ratio as an indicator for investor to decide whether the gold price is expensive, crude oil prices is cheap or the gold price is cheap, crude oil price is expensive. Using below formula: Gold Ratio = Gold Price0, t / Crude oil Price0, t (3) Where; Gold Price0, t is the closing price of day t for Gold. Crude oil Price0, t is the closing price of day t for Crude oil. CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the findings of the study and provide a through discussion and analysis of the findings. 4.1 Data Analysis To observe the effect of crude oil price, gold price, market returns, and short-term interest rates, the regression is calculated by using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation procedure. Results are presented in Table 1. Referring to the result obtained from Ordinary Least Square (OLS) analysis, the result found that gold and market return have a positive significant statistical relationship with consumer price index at 5% significant level. These also make a same result for plantation price index. The result implies that gold and market return have a positive significant statistical relationship with plantation price index. Between, the trading and services index shows positive significant relationship with market returns but negative statistical relationship with gold. It implies, when the trading and service price index increase 1% the gold price will decrease 0.011%. Moreover, the regression model is statistically useful in explaining the variation in the Finance, mining, and technology price index with 95% confidence level. The result shows positive significant relationships with market returns. In additional, the industrial, industrial product, and properties price index regression model analysis results shows that market returns have a positive significant statistical relationship with three sub-sector price index. On the other hands, the industrial price index show negative significant statistical relationship with crude oil price at 5% significant level but the industrial product and properties have a positive significant statistical relationship with crude oil price. Finally, from the regression model analysis result found that, only the construction price index has a negative significant statistical relationship with t-bill at 5% significant level and others sub sector price index dont have any statistical relationship with the T-bill. 4.2 Subpart Analysis Gold/ Oil Ratio Gold Oil Ratio is an expressed mathematically as the per-ounce price of gold divided by the cost of a barrel of crude oil, the ratio was telling us how many barrels of oil can be bought with an ounce of gold. Even though oil and gold are thought to be hedging on inflation, their price movements arent in lockstep. Since the 2001 launch of the current bull cycle, the correlation between U.S. benchmark West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil and the London morning gold fix is only 23 percent. In fact, its the lack of a tight correlation that makes the gold/oil ratio meaningful. The ratio can fluctuated over time; since 2002, one ounce of gold could have bought between 11 and 16 barrels of oil. In midyear 2008, as oil prices surged, gold scraped a historic low at a 6x multiple (a 6-to-1 ratio). After half year later, the ratio had shoot to the 23x level after massive de-leveraging sent oil prices down $100 a barrel. Over the longer term-say, the past four decades-the average m ultiple has been 15x. Signals: The gold-oil identifies: Buying opportunities (for gold) when the gold-oil ratio turns up at/below 7 barrels/ounce; and Selling opportunities when the gold-oil ratio turns down at/above 12 barrels/ounce. Table 1: Minimum and Maximum Gold Oil Ratio Record during the Period.  2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Max 15,18 15,74 13,85 11,67 8,94 11,08 12,54 23,11 28,05 17,55 16,29 Min 9,14 10,56 9,35 11,67 6,96 8,22 8,33 6,52 13,15 13,69 13,98             Table 2: Summary Table  Consumer Product Plantation Finance Trading services Industrial Industrial Product Construction Mining Properties Technology Market return ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ Oil ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'Æ’- Gold ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- T-Bill ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ'Æ’- ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ = Significant at 5% ÃÆ'Æ’- = No significant at 5% Table 3: ANOVA Table: Components Consumer Product Plantation Finance Trading services Industrial Coefficient Intercept 0,0002420 0,0003258 0,0000982 (0,0000444) 0,0000733 KLCI PRICE INDEX 0,5623974 0,9784759 1,0645010 0,9994746 0,7729328 Crude oil (0,0054988) (0,0018498) 0,0025010 0,0026129 (0,0109819) Gold 0,0158866 0,0441310 (0,0037211) (0,0112407) 0,0098721 T-bil (0,0034387) (0,0048518) (0,0059951) 0,0023219 (0,0004433) Adjusted R Square 0,5606859 0,5041736 0,8081372 0,8927299 0,6798043  P-value Intercept 0,00310016 0,04191723 0,24917804 0,43452323 0,39876364 KLCI PRICE INDEX Crude oil 0,0931 0,7729 0,4634 0,2512 0,0016 Gold 0,0258 0,0016 0,6160 0,0233 0,1922 T-bil 0,4479 0,5845 0,2042 0,4613 0,9267 Components Industrial Product Construction Mining Properties Technology Coefficient Intercept (0,0000330) (0,0001192) 0,0006207 (0,0000617) (0,0006292) KLCI PRICE INDEX 0,7928138 1,1884864 0,8354046 0,9573352 0,9419663 Crude oil 0,0092151 0,0029884 (0,0115321) 0,0112074 0,0049796 Gold 0,0145574 0,0093185 (0,0493598) 0,0059426 0,0372188 T-bil (0,0030311) (0,0202644) 0,0016072 (0,0024516) (0,0004453) Adjusted R Square 0,6357414 0,6109031 0,0462843 0,5468360 0,3246577  P-value Intercept 0,73923273 0,44480430 0,30905151 0,66749650 0,00515217 KLCI PRICE INDEX 0,000000 0,000000 Crude oil 0,0203 0,6323 0,6369 0,0515 0,5801 Gold 0,0918 0,4929 0,3531 0,6349 0,0574 T-bil 0,5810 0,0191 0,9621 0,7582 0,9715

Essay on Comparison of Repression - 479 Words

Comparison of Repression I. Intro: In the month of March, 2004, our English class read three stories. We read: (1) The Story of An Hour, (2) The Sky is Gray, and (3) The Man Who Was Almost A Man. The three stories were not only interesting, but had a common theme. All the stories showed different examples of repression. Repression was shown by the focal character in each story, the families and society. II. Body First, there was repression of these characters by themselves. In The Sky Is Gray, James has suffered with a prolonged toothache. He does not want to worry his mother because he knows they have little money. He exhibits a form of self-repression by not†¦show more content†¦This in turn gets him into more trouble. He appears to be childish to others and does not prove that he is an adult. The Story of An Hour portrays mental oppression through a woman who is married to an overbearing husband. When Louise learns that her husband has been killed, she seeks solitude to grieve, but instead finds comfort in the realization that she is free to live her own life. She realizes she is out from under the strong hold of her domineering husband. When she returns downstairs to the support of her sister and friend, only to find her husband walking through the door. She is startled that she drops dead. She had repressed her own feelings for so long that death held more appeal for her tha n continuing the life her husband had insisted she live. The stories portrayed repression by a family member, also. In The Sky is Gray, James was repressed by his mother because she always wanted him to learn by tough love. She was always teaching him lessons on how to become a man; therefore he rarely enjoyed his childhood. In The Story of An Hour, Louise was repressed by her sister, Josephine, because she viewed Louise and weak because of her heart condition. 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Norse Mythology - 2497 Words

This essay is written for English 503 and the subject is Norse Mythology. The main sources of our knowledge about Norse Mythology are from the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. Edda is Icelandic for saga and these stories are often to as The Sagas. The Prose Edda was written by Snorri Sturluson from Iceland around the year 1200. Snorri begins the prologue of the book where he explains his understanding of the origin of heathen science. Prose Edda itself is based on belief in the old Nordic gods or heathen, and recounts and explains the faith of men before they were Christian. The book is divided into three main parts, but they are called the Gylfaginning, Skaldskaparmal and Hattatal. In the first section, Gylfaginning (The delusion of King†¦show more content†¦He had a golden ring that could multiply into eight other rings, there we can see similarities with the story The lord of the rings after John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, in the book there is one ring who rules them all and to gether they are nine rings, three were given to the elves, nine to the humans and seven to the dwarfs but there was one that ruled them all witch is very similar to Odin’s ring because it was one that multiplied. Also all of the dwarfs names in the lord of the ring they come from prophecy of the seeress in Snorri’s Prose Edda. Odin only has one eye because he gave it away for a drink from Mimir‘s magic well. It was told that Mimir was the wisest of them all and it was told that anyone who would drink from the well would gain the wisdom of Mimir. Odin was desperate to get wiser and powerful so he returned his eye for a drink from the well. He was now known for being the wisest god of them all and the one with one eye (Norse Mythology, 2010). Odin is related with various other gods in Indo-European religions. For Greeks, it is Zeus. Together, they should be attributed to destroy. Both have unfaithful wives, what shows up best in that they have many children with ot her women, although Zeus has more. Both gods are highly migratory and often hiding behind pseudonyms and disguise. Thor is the strongest one, he is son of Odin. He is also known in German mythology as well. He is married to Sif,Show MoreRelatedThe Mythology Of Norse Mythology1659 Words   |  7 Pageslike it was untouched. Norse Mythology is a great example of this. The way that the gods were presented has changed. Their physical appearance and mentality has changed greatly. The way the gods think of themselves has been changed to where the things that they do in modern films and stories would make the character in Norse Mythology embarrassed. 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The Different Types of Charts Essay Example For Students

The Different Types of Charts Essay Larger data sets: use line charts. Selecting Bars or Columns ;k use analogy as a selection criterion, if applicable; when in doubt, use columns * use a horizontal bar chart if the labels are too long to fit under the columns * Multiple Column/Bar Chart: Use it to present data rows for several variables Side-by-Side Chart: Use it to (1) show contrasting trends between levels of an independent variable, (2) if comparisons between individual pairs of values are most important: do not use for more than two independent variables I Figure 2: Multiple column chart (left), side-by-side chart (right) Segmented Column/AR Chart Other Names: Divided or stacked column/bar chart Figure 3: Segmented column chart (relative values) * Present a part-whole relation over time (with accurate impression, see below) * Show proportional relationships over time Display wholes which are levels on a nominal scale Segmented column,bar charts are more accurate than pie chart, because distances can be more accurately estimated than areas. Frequency Polygon, Histograms Figure 4: Histogram as frequency distribution * Polygon: Connects data points through straight lines or higher order graphs * Histogram: Columns/bars touch; useful for larger sets of data points, typically used for frequency distributions * Staircase Chart: Displays only the silhouette of the histogram; useful for even larger sets of data points. Typically used for frequency distributions * Step chart: use it to illustrate trends among more than two members of nominal or ordinal scales; do not use it for two or more variables or levels Of a single variable (hard to read) * Pyramid histogram: TWO mirror histograms; use it for comparisons Line Chart Figure 5: Line chart Else it.. * To display long data rows To interpolate between data points * To extrapolate beyond known data values (forecast) To compare different graphs * To find and compare trends (changes over time) ;k To recognize correlations and cavitations between variables ;k If the X axis requires an interval scale ;k To display interactions over two levels on the X axis * When convention defines meaningful patterns (e. G. A zigzag line) Line graphs may consist of line or curved segments: * Lines: use straight lines to connect real data points * Curves: Use curves to represent functional relations between data points or to interpolate data Do to use it K If the X axis has non-numeric values -k Graph with double-logarithmic or half-logarithmic scale divisions With variance bars, stock charts (High/LOW/Chose) etc. Pie Chart Figure 6: Pie chart * Graph * convey approximate proportional relationships (relative amounts) at a point * compare part of a whole at a given point in time in time Exploded: emphasize a small proportion of pa rts Do not use it For exact comparisons of values, because estimating angles is difficult for people. * For rank data: use column/bar charts in this case; use multiple It proportions vary greatly; do not use column/bar charts tort grouped data multiple pies to compare corresponding parts, Caution! ;k Pie charts cannot represent values beyond 100%. * Each pie chart is valid for one point in time only, ;k Pie charts are only suited to presenting quite a few percentage values. Angles are harder to estimate for people than distances; perspective pie charts are even harder to interpret. Scattered Figure 7: One-dimensional scattered (left), two-dimensional scattered (right) 1. One-dimensional scattered: Data point are drawn above a baseline (as in alumna/bar charts). Here the data points are not connected but remain isolated data points. 2. Two-dimensional scatter plot: Shows correlation between two data sets. This chart type has two dependent variables: One is plotted along the X axis, the other along the Y axis; the independent variable is the intersection of both dependent variables, realized as a data point in the diagram. Use it to * Show measurements over time (one-confessional scattered).

Statistics and Business Research Methods Text and Cases

Question: Discuss about the Statistics and Business Research Methods for Text and Cases. Answer: Introduction Human Resource Management is one of the important resources in the organization. On the contrary, lean HRM is the recent practice that has been evolving in the sector. It is majorly concerned with the cultural dynamics, people and leadership that are needed for the structure of the organization. Lean HRM is the modern trends that introduces cheaper and fast processes and are focused on adding value to the employees (Rajappan, 2011). However, in this research, lean HRM will be examined in a practical context by evaluating the concept of lean HRM and its techniques. Even more, the research will be substantiated if the study is supported by primary data that will be initiated in the research. Nevertheless, as the research is concerned, the study will guided through methodologies as well as plan which will help in guiding through the research outcomes. Literature Review Traditional Human Resource Management Zirar, Radnor Charlwood (2015) recognized human resource management incorporates people related guidelines that are implemented to manage and bring flexibility at the workplace by focusing on the policies, programmes, practices and philosophies. As a function, traditional HRM was more considered with the work in the business that enabled three functions namely providing HR functions that is through recruitment and selection, classification, training followed by regulations on the personnel laws and thirdly, establishing the main role in enhancing organizational performance. Lean Human Resource Management When Lean and continuous Improvement was applied to the organization, it mainly focused on human related issues that promoted the change in organization culture. The lean HRM can only be achieved through use of certain techniques like Six Sigma that not only links the HRM to the organization more effectively but rather lays a base to profitability of the organization. The prerequisite requirements for lean HRM include management commitment, open communication, organizational cultural change, team working and training employees (Sparrow, Hird Cooper, 2014). There are two facets of Lean HRM; firstly, it is evident that it itself is a HR function and secondly, it is an ideal position to be a powerful ally in lean transformation by virtue of interactions. The following diagram below will give an overview of lean HRM. Figure: Lean Human Resource Management Source: (Human Resource: Washington Government, 2016) Importance of Lean HRM The lean HR roles improve when different techniques are applied based on different models and shared results. On the other hand, the improved efforts provide tools and resources for continuous improvement that helps in facilitating cross functional communication and coordinate training. The organizational change is nurtured and monitored by leadership to create a new environment for the staff to perform. In addition, the lean HRM techniques help in ensuring compliance by using minimal time, cost and effort (Aswathappa, 2013). Need of Lean HRM The need of lean operation plan in Human Resource Management is for the firm achieves success based on its value propositions as well as fir targets that not only helps in retention of the employees but also helps in maintaining its target clients (Tyagi, et al., 2015). According to Wealth management, RIA Trent Report, study evaluated on the best practices that can be integrated for profitability, operations and best practices is Lean Six Sigma for Service justifies that 30-80% of servicing costs are a waste and add no value from the perspective of the client. However, to get started the company should ensure profitability on operations plan that deems on companys objectives; gauge ROI of the improvements, timeline and cost (Goldman, 2016). Role of Lean Human Resource Management in Six-Sigma Six-Sigma is a structure method that ensures to improve the business processes that supported by assorted DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improveand Control) by an assortment of statistical tool. However, an organization mindset is based on the decisions that need to be undertaken based on the measured data that not only looks for the problems but also defines defects based on customer rather than internal requirements through the indicator to prevent them from happening (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). The roles and responsibilities of Six Sigma are given using the figure below. Figure: Six Sigma Roles and Responsibilities Source: (Pyzdek Keller, 2014) Research Questions The research questions that highlight the understanding of the study are: What is the substantial role of lean HRM in establishing the financial practicality in any organization? How lean HRM can be termed effective when it comes to an individual or the market as a whole in a business set up? What are the suggested recommendation that needs to be carried out to improve the lean practices undertaken in an organization and the way it can positively impact the profitability of the organization? Although, the research question will help in evaluating the study but to test the relationship between Lean HRM and profitability, following hypothesis is carried out. Ho: Lean HRM does not have any significant impact on the profitability of the organization. H1: Lean HRM have a positive yet significant impact on the profitability of the organization. Research Methodologies The research methodologies adopted for based on certain research inputs that can be effective in predicting the future outcomes of the research. However, the data collected and the methods used will help in determining the relationship between learn HRM and profitability of the organization. Research Approach A deductive research approach is followed in the research as it will help in outlining the phenomenon based on the research hypothesis that needs to be established. Moreover, this approach emphasizes on causality by testing the theory in new emerging area in the discipline (Engel Schutt, 2014). The theory is dealt to provide a pattern in research on the emerging analysis on lean human resource management. The research can be directed as given below. Figure: Deductive Approach Source: (Brymen, 2015) Research Design The deductive research procedure has been adopted to provide intrinsic details on the research study that not only highlights the employee and managers details but also establishes a link between the two. Brymen Bell (2015) perceived that a simple random sampling would be convenient when it comes to choosing the data procedure. Research Strategy The research strategy that have been adopted in the model are based on survey method and interview method. Survey method will help in gathering facts. However, survey method will be serving the study by collecting essential facts on lean human resource management techniques (Rubin Babbie, 2016). On the other hand, interview method will provide valuable information to the employees and managers, it shows how the profitability position of the organization and how lean human resource management techniques have helped in achieving the same. Interview methods were personally taken through face to face conversations or through telephone and the questions were unstructured in nature (Seidman, 2013). Project Plan Task Start Date Duration End Date Literature Review 3-Dec 60.00 3-Feb Data Collection 2-Feb 29.00 2-Mar Data Analysis 2-Mar 30.00 3-Apr Final Report Submission 5-Apr 60.00 5-Jun Research Process The research process will be guided in the following stages: Stage 1 This stage deals provides the base of the research topic by providing suitable literature review. However, the stage is analysed based on the lean human resource management technique that is suitable to assess the performance of the employee as well as the managers in the organization. Stage 2 This stage deals with the carrying out of the research methods that are essential in data analysis and the procedures that will help in acknowledging the results of the research. Stage 3 This stage establishes the data analysis on the research strategies whether it has to be qualitative or quantitative method. Moreover, if qualitative then the interview method and quantitative then the survey method will be analysed on the given questionnaires to the employees as well as managers of different business enterprises. The sample would be structured on 50 middle ranked employees and 6 managers from different organizations for survey method and the interview method. In total, a sample size of 56 respondents would be considered. Stage 4 On the whole, a timeline will be devised that is time as well as cost effective that had been undertaken in carrying out the research h. Stage 5 This is the ultimate stage when the expected outcomes of the research will be evaluated based on the research. Data Collection Methods The data collection method adopted for the research has been both qualitative and quantitative in will be nature. The qualitative method with the help of interview method will be devised based on the interaction with the employees and the managers of the organizations. This will also helps in acknowledging the ideas, knowledge and the attitudes of the employees in the organization (Scheyvens, 2014). However, qualitative research is beneficial for the research to analyse the lean HRM techniques has been one of the part in the organization for maintaining its profitable situations as shown in the annual report. Conversely, quantitative method will be analysed on the questionnaire that would be distributed to get mathematical, statistical yet meaningful analysis. However, the relationship of independent variable profitability and dependent variable lean HRM techniques can provide a methodological outline in establishing a relationship between the two (Davies Hughes, 2014). Both the interview as well as survey design would be based on primary data collection methods as different lean HRM techniques would be applied on different techniques but more emphasis will be given on six sigma approach as it is one of the popular lean approach applied in the organizations (Timans, 2014). Data Analysis The interpretation of the data will help the researcher to draw conclusions to the research study. The research will be evaluated on the responses gathered from the survey as well as interview method and it will be evaluated using MS Excel (Jackson, 2015). However, the analysis will be based on frequency tables, normal probability plots, regression analysis and correlation analysis of the lean HRM techniques applied in the organization. The financial data taken from the annual reports of the organization will hold an important part in data analysis. Expected Outcomes The research outcomes that can be drawn from the research study are respective of the different organization conditions that have undertaken different lean HRM techniques to increase the profitability of the organization. Moreover, these techniques are supported only when the organization is large and there is large inflow and outflow of quantity of goods taking place. However, many manager feel that it has a considerable amount of impact on the profitability of the organization whereas the same cannot be said for all the organizations in Australia. Although, lean HRM techniques has been a prominent development in the human resource development but there is considerable cost and time that has been undertaken at the initial stages which might create a hurdle in the profitability of the organization. However, only those organizations have adopted who are substantially sound and incurring variable costs would not add considerable change in their profitable conditions as there is lot of mechanisms and training of employees involved. References Applying Lean/Continuous Improvement to Human Resources. (2016).Human Resource: Washington Government. Retrieved 7 June 2016, from https://hr.wa.gov/WorkforceDataAndPlanning/LeanHR/Pages/Apply_Lean_HR.aspx Aswathappa, K. (2013).Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Davies, M. B., Hughes, N. (2014).Doing a successful research project: Using qualitative or quantitative methods. Palgrave Macmillan. Engel, R. J., Schutt, R. K. (2014).Fundamentals of social work research. Sage Publications. Goldman, J. (2016).The Lean Solution to Becoming a More Profitable, High Growth Advisory Firm.Wealthmanagement.com. Retrieved 7 June 2016, from https://wealthmanagement.com/viewpoints/lean-solution-becoming-more-profitable-high-growth-advisory-firm Jackson, S. (2015).Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage Learning. Pyzdek, T., Keller, P. A. (2014).The six sigma handbook(p. 25). McGraw-Hill Education. Rajappan, P. (2011).Lean HR is a necessity, not an option !.Deccan Herald. Retrieved 7 June 2016, from https://www.deccanherald.com/content/75527/lean-hr-necessity-not-option.html Rubin, A., Babbie, E. (2016).Empowerment Series: Research Methods for Social Work. Cengage Learning. Scheyvens, R. (Ed.). (2014).Development fieldwork: A practical guide. Sage. Seidman, I. (2013).Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Teachers college press. Sparrow, P., Hird, M. and Cooper, C. L. (2014) Do We Need HR?: Repositioning People Management for Success. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Timans, J. W. J. (2014).Continuous quality improvement based on Lean Six Sigma in manufacturing small and medium sized enterprises(Doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen). Tyagi, S., Cai, X., Yang, K., Chambers, T. (2015). Lean tools and methods to support efficient knowledge creation.International Journal of Information Management,35(2), 204-214. Zirar, A. A., Radnor, Z. J., Charlwood, A. (2015). The relevance of the human resource management (HRM) to lean in the service sector: evidence from three exploratory case studies.